To:	Users
From:	Bob Supnik
Subj:	VAX Simulator Usage
Date:	15-Jun-2002

			COPYRIGHT NOTICE

The following copyright notice applies to both the SIMH source and binary:

   Original code published in 1993-2002, written by Robert M Supnik
   Copyright (c) 1993-2002, Robert M Supnik

   Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
   copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
   to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
   the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
   and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
   Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

   The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
   all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

   THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
   IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
   FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL
   ROBERT M SUPNIK BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
   IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
   CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

   Except as contained in this notice, the name of Robert M Supnik shall not
   be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings
   in this Software without prior written authorization from Robert M Supnik.

This memorandum documents the VAX simulator.


1. Simulator Files

To compile the VAX, you must define USE_INT64 as part of the compilation
command line.

sim/		sim_defs.h
		sim_sock.h
		sim_tmxr.h
		dec_dz.h
		dec_mscp.h
		dec_uqssp.h
		scp.c
		scp_tty.c
		sim_rev.c
		sim_sock.c
		sim_tmxr.c

sim/vax/	vax_defs.h
		vaxmod_defs.h
		vax_cpu.c
		vax_cpu1.c
		vax_fpa.c
		vax_io.c
		vax_mmu.c
		vax_stddev.c
		vax_sys.c

sim/pdp11/	pdp11_dz.c
		pdp11_lp.c
		pdp11_rl.c
		pdp11_rq.c
		pdp11_ts.c

2. VAX Features

The VAX simulator is configured as follows:

device		simulates
name(s)

CPU		KA655 CPU with 16MB-64MB of memory
TLB		translation buffer
ROM		read-only memory
NVR		non-volatile memory
SYSD		system devices
QBA		Qbus adapter
PTR,PTP		PCV11 paper tape reader/punch
TTI,TTO		console terminal
LPT		LPV11 line printer
CLK		real-time clock
DZ		DZV11 8-line terminal multiplexor (up to 4)
RL		RLV12/RL01(2) cartridge disk controller with four drives
RQ		RQDX3 MSCP controller with four drives
TS		TSV11/TSV05 magnetic tape controller with one drive

The PTR, PTP, LPT, DZ, RL, and TS devices can be set DISABLED.  In addition,
most devices support the SET ADDRESS command, which allows the I/O page
address of the device to be changed.

The VAX simulator implements several unique stop conditions:

	- change mode to interrupt stack
	- illegal vector (bits<1:0> = 2 or 3)
	- unexpected exception during interrupt or exception
	- process PTE in P0 or P1 space instead of system space
	- unknown IPL

The VAX supports a simple binary format consisting of a stream of
binary bytes without origin or checksum, for loading memory, the boot
ROM, or the non-volatile memory.

2.1 CPU and System Devices

2.2 CPU

The only CPU option is the size of main memory.

	SET CPU 16M		set memory size = 16MB
	SET CPU 32M		set memory size = 32MB
	SET CPU 48M		set memory size = 48MB
	SET CPU 64M		set memory size = 64MB

If memory size is being reduced, and the memory being truncated contains
non-zero data, the simulator asks for confirmation.  Data in the truncated
portion of memory is lost.  Initial memory size is 16MB.

Memory can be loaded with a binary byte stream using the LOAD command.
The LOAD command recognizes one switch:

	-o			Origin argument follows file name

The CPU supports the BOOT command and is the only VAX device to do so.

These switches are recognized when examining or depositing in CPU memory:

	-b			examine/deposit bytes
	-w			examine/deposit words
	-d			data radix is decimal
	-o			data radix is octal
	-h			data radix is hexadecimal
	-v			interpret address as virtual, current mode

CPU registers include the visible state of the processor as well as the
control registers for the interrupt system.

	name		size	comments

	PC		32	program counter
	R0..R14		32	R0..R14
	AP		32	alias for R12
	FP		32	alias for R13
	SP		32	alias for R14
	PSL		32	processor status longword
	CC		4	condition codes, PSL<3:0>
	KSP		32	kernel stack pointer
	ESP		32	executive stack pointer
	SSP		32	supervisor stack pointer
	USP		32	user stack pointer
	IS		32	interrupt stack pointer
	SCBB		32	system control block base
	PCBB		32	process controll block base
	P0BR		32	P0 base register
	P0LR		22	P0 length register
	P1BR		32	P1 base register
	P1LR		22	P1 length register
	SBR		32	system base register
	SLR		22	system length register
	SISR		16	software interrupt summary register
	ASTLVL		4	AST level register
	CADR		8	cache disable register
	MSER		8	memory system error register
	MAPEN		1	memory management enable flag
	TRPIRQ		8	trap/interrupt pending
	CRDERR		1	correctible read data error flag
	MEMERR		1	memory error flag
	PCQ[0:63]	32	PC prior to last PC change or interrupt;
				most recent PC change first
	WRU		8	interrupt character

2.1.2 Translation Buffer (TLB)

The translation buffer consists of two units, representing the system
and user translation buffers, respectively.  It has no registers.  Each
translation buffer entry consists of two 32b words, as follows:

	word n		tag
	word n+1	cached PTE

An invalid entry is indicated by a tag of FFFFFFFF.

2.1.3 Read-only memory (ROM)

The boot ROM consists of a single unit, representing the 128KB boot ROM.
It has no registers.  The boot ROM is loaded with a binary byte stream
using the LOAD -r command:

	LOAD -r KA655.BIN	-- load boot ROM image KA655.BIN

2.1.4 Non-volatile Memory (NVR)

The NVR consists of a single unit, representing 1KB of battery-backed up
memory.  When the simulator starts, NVR is cleared to 0, and the SSC
battery-low indicator is set.  The NVR can be loaded with a binary byte
stream using the LOAD -n command:

	LOAD -n NVR.BIN		-- load NVR image NVR.BIN

Successfully loading an NVR image clears the SSC battery-low indicator.

2.1.5 System Devices (SYSD)

The system devices are the facilities implemented in KA655 CPU board,
the CMCTL memory controller, and the SSC system support chip.  Note that
the simulation of these devices is incomplete and is intended strictly
to allow the patched bootstrap code to run.  The SYSD registers are:

	name		size	comments

	CMCSR[0:17]	32	CMCTL control and status registers
	CACR		8	second-level cache control register
	BDR		8	front panel jumper register
	BASE		29	SSC base address register
	CNF		32	SSC configuration register
	BTO		32	SSC bus timeout register
	TCSR0		32	SSC timer 0 control/status register
	TIR0		32	SSC timer 0 interval register
	TNIR0		32	SSC timer 0 next interval register
	TIVEC0		9	SSC timer 0 interrupt vector register
	TCSR1		32	SSC timer 1 control/status register
	TIR1		32	SSC timer 1 interval register
	TNIR1		32	SSC timer 1 next interval register
	TIVEC1		9	SSC timer 1 interrupt vector register
	ADSM0		32	SSC address match 0 address
	ADSK0		32	SSC address match 0 mask
	ADSM1		32	SSC address match 1 address
	ADSK1		32	SSC address match 1 mask
	CDGDAT[0:16383]	32	cache diagnostic data store

2.1.6 Qbus Adapter (QBA)

The QBA represents the CQBIC Qbus adapter chip.  The QBA registers are:

	name		size	comments

	SCR		16	system configuration register
	DSER		8	DMA system error register
	MEAR		13	master error address register
	SEAR		20	slave error address register
	MBR		29	Qbus map base register
	IPC		16	interprocessor communications register
	IPL17		32	IPL 17 interrupt flags
	IPL16		32	IPL 16 interrupt flags
	IPL15		32	IPL 15 interrupt flags
	IPL14		32	IPL 14 interrupt flags

2.2 Programmed I/O Devices

2.2.1 PC11 Paper Tape Reader (PTR)

The paper tape reader (PTR) reads data from a disk file.  The POS
register specifies the number of the next data item to be read.  Thus,
by changing POS, the user can backspace or advance the reader.

The paper tape reader implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	BUF		8	last data item processed
	CSR		16	control/status register
	INT		1	interrupt pending flag
	ERR		1	error flag (CSR<15>)
	BUSY		1	busy flag (CSR<11>)
	DONE		1	device done flag (CSR<7>)
	IE		1	interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
	POS		32	position in the input file
	TIME		24	time from I/O initiation to interrupt
	STOP_IOE	1	stop on I/O error

Error handling is as follows:

	error	     STOP_IOE	processed as

	not attached	1	report error and stop
			0	out of tape

	end of file	1	report error and stop
			0	out of tape

	OS I/O error	x	report error and stop

2.2.2 PC11 Paper Tape Punch (PTP)

The paper tape punch (PTP) writes data to a disk file.  The POS
register specifies the number of the next data item to be written. 
Thus, by by changing POS, the user can backspace or advance the punch.

The paper tape punch implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	BUF		8	last data item processed
	CSR		16	control/status register
	INT		1	interrupt pending flag
	ERR		1	error flag (CSR<15>)
	DONE		1	device done flag (CSR<7>)
	IE		1	interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
	POS		32	position in the output file
	TIME		24	time from I/O initiation to interrupt
	STOP_IOE	1	stop on I/O error

Error handling is as follows:

	error	     STOP_IOE	processed as

	not attached	1	report error and stop
			0	out of tape

	OS I/O error	x	report error and stop

2.2.3 Terminal Input (TTI)

The terminal input (TTI) polls the console keyboard for input.  It
implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	BUF		8	last data item processed
	CSR		16	control/status register
	INT		1	interrupt pending flag
	ERR		1	error flag (CSR<15>)
	DONE		1	device done flag (CSR<7>)
	IE		1	interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
	POS		32	number of characters input
	TIME		24	keyboard polling interval

2.2.4 Terminal Output (TTO)

The terminal output (TTO) writes to the simulator console window.  It
implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	BUF		8	last data item processed
	CSR		16	control/status register
	INT		1	interrupt pending flag
	ERR		1	error flag (CSR<15>)
	DONE		1	device done flag (CSR<7>)
	IE		1	interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
	POS		32	number of characters input
	TIME		24	time from I/O initiation to interrupt

2.2.5 Line Printer (LPT)

The line printer (LPT) writes data to a disk file.  The POS register
specifies the number of the next data item to be written.  Thus,
by changing POS, the user can backspace or advance the printer.

The line printer implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	BUF		8	last data item processed
	CSR		16	control/status register
	INT		1	interrupt pending flag
	ERR		1	error flag (CSR<15>)
	DONE		1	device done flag (CSR<7>)
	IE		1	interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
	POS		32	position in the output file
	TIME		24	time from I/O initiation to interrupt
	STOP_IOE	1	stop on I/O error

Error handling is as follows:

	error	     STOP_IOE	processed as

	not attached	1	report error and stop
			0	out of paper

	OS I/O error	x	report error and stop

2.2.6 Real-Time Clock (CLK)

The clock (CLK) implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	CSR		16	control/status register
	INT		1	interrupt pending flag
	IE		1	interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
	TODR		32	time-of-day register
	BLOW		1	TODR battery low indicator
	TIME		24	clock frequency
	TPS		8	ticks per second (100)

The real-time clock autocalibrates; the clock interval is adjusted up or
down so that the clock tracks actual elapsed time.

2.2.7 DZ11 Terminal Multiplexor (DZ)

The DZ11 is an 8-line terminal multiplexor.  Up to 4 DZ11's (32 lines)
are supported.  The number of lines can be changed with the command

	SET DZ LINES=n			set line count to n

The line count must be a multiple of 8, with a maximum of 32.

The terminal lines perform input and output through Telnet sessions
connected to a user-specified port.  The ATTACH command specifies
the port to be used:

	ATTACH {-am} DZ <port>		set up listening port

where port is a decimal number between 1 and 65535 that is not being used
for other TCP/IP activities.  The optional switch -m turns on the DZ11's
modem controls; the optional switch -a turns on active disconnects
(disconnect session if computer clears Data Terminal Ready).

Once the DZ is attached and the simulator is running, the DZ will listen
for connections on the specified port.  It assumes that the incoming
connections are Telnet connections.  The connection remains open until
disconnected by the simulated program, the Telnet client, a SET DZ
DISCONNECT command, or a DETACH DZ command.

The SHOW DZ CONNECTIONS command displays the current connections to the DZ.
The SHOW DZ STATISTICS command displays statistics for active connections.
The SET DZ DISCONNECT=linenumber disconnects the specified line.

The DZ11 implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	CSR[0:3]	16	control/status register, boards 0-3
	RBUF[0:3]	16	receive buffer, boards 0-3
	LPR[0:3]	16	line parameter register, boards 0-3
	TCR[0:3]	16	transmission control register, boards 0-3
	MSR[0:3]	16	modem status register, boards 0-3
	TDR[0:3]	16	transmit data register, boards 0-3
	SAENB[0:3]	1	silo alarm enabled, boards 0-3
	RXINT		4	receive interrupts, boards 3..0
	TXINT		4	transmit interrupts, boards 3..0
	MDMTCL		1	modem control enabled
	AUTODS		1	autodisconnect enabled

The DZ11 does not support save and restore.  All open connections are
lost when the simulator shuts down or the DZ is detached.

2.3 RLV12/RL01,RL02 Cartridge Disk (RL)

RLV12 options include the ability to set units write enabled or write locked,
to set the drive size to RL01, RL02, or autosize, and to write a DEC standard
044 compliant bad block table on the last track:

	SET RLn LOCKED		set unit n write locked
	SET RLn WRITEENABLED	set unit n write enabled
	SET RLn RL01		set size to RL01
	SET RLn RL02		set size to RL02
	SET RLn AUTOSIZE	set size based on file size at attach
	SET RLn BADBLOCK	write bad block table on last track

The size options can be used only when a unit is not attached to a file.  The
bad block option can be used only when a unit is attached to a file.  Units
can also be set ONLINE or OFFLINE.

The RL11 implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	RLCS		16	control/status
	RLDA		16	disk address
	RLBA		16	memory address
	RLBAE		6	memory address extension (RLV12)
	RLMP..RLMP2	16	multipurpose register queue
	INT		1	interrupt pending flag
	ERR		1	error flag (CSR<15>)
	DONE		1	device done flag (CSR<7>)
	IE		1	interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
	STIME		24	seek time, per cylinder
	RTIME		24	rotational delay
	STOP_IOE	1	stop on I/O error

Error handling is as follows:

	error	     STOP_IOE	processed as

	not attached	1	report error and stop
			0	disk not ready

	end of file	x	assume rest of disk is zero

	OS I/O error	x	report error and stop

2.4 RQDX3 MSCP Disk Controller (RQ)

The RQ controller simulates the RQDX3 MSCP disk controller.  RQ options
include the ability to set units write enabled or write locked, and to
set the drive type to one of eleven disk types:

	SET RQn LOCKED		set unit n write locked
	SET RQn WRITEENABLED	set unit n write enabled
	SET RQn RX50		set type to RX50
	SET RQn RX33		set type to RX33
	SET RQn RD51		set type to RD51
	SET RQn RD52		set type to RD52
	SET RQn RD53		set type to RD53
	SET RQn RD54		set type to RD54
	SET RQn RD31		set type to RD31
	SET RQn RA82		set type to RA82
	SET RQn RA72		set type to RA72
	SET RQn RA90		set type to RA90
	SET RQn RA92		set type to RA92

The type options can be used only when a unit is not attached to a file.
Units can also be set ONLINE or OFFLINE.

The RQ controller implements the following special SHOW commands:

	SHOW RQ RINGS		show command and response rings
	SHOW RQ FREEQ		show packet free queue
	SHOW RQ RESPQ		show packet response queue
	SHOW RQ UNITQ		show unit queues
	SHOW RQ ALL		show all ring and queue state
	SHOW RQn UNITQ		show unit queues for unit n

The RQ controller implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	SA		16	status/address register
	S1DAT		16	step 1 init host data
	CQBA		22	command queue base address
	CQLNT		8	command queue length
	CQIDX		8	command queue index
	RQBA		22	request queue base address
	RQLNT		8	request queue length
	RQIDX		8	request queue index
	FREE		5	head of free packet list
	RESP		5	head of response packet list
	PBSY		5	number of busy packets
	CFLGS		16	controller flags
	CSTA		4	controller state
	PERR		9	port error number
	CRED		5	host credits
	HAT		17	host available timer
	HTMO		17	host timeout value
	CPKT[0:3]	5	current packet, units 0-3
	PKTQ[0:3]	5	packet queue, units 0-3
	UFLG[0:3]	16	unit flags, units 0-3
	INT		1	interrupt request
	ITIME		1	response time for initialization steps
				(except for step 4)
	QTIME		24	response time for 'immediate' packets
	XTIME		24	response time for data transfers
	PKTS[33*32]	16	packet buffers, 33W each,
				32 entries

Error handling is as follows:

	error	     	processed as

	not attached	disk not ready

	end of file	assume rest of disk is zero

	OS I/O error	report error and stop

2.5 TSV11/TSV05 Magnetic Tape (TS)

TS options include the ability to make the unit write enabled or write locked.

	SET TS LOCKED		set unit write locked
	SET TS WRITEENABLED	set unit write enabled

The magnetic tape controller implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	TSSR		16	status register
	TSBA		16	bus address register
	TSDBX		16	data buffer extension register
	CHDR		16	command packet header
	CADL		16	command packet low address or count
	CADH		16	command packet high address
	CLNT		16	command packet length
	MHDR		16	message packet header
	MRFC		16	message packet residual frame count
	MXS0		16	message packet extended status 0
	MXS1		16	message packet extended status 1
	MXS2		16	message packet extended status 2
	MXS3		16	message packet extended status 3
	MXS4		16	message packet extended status 4
	WADL		16	write char packet low address
	WADH		16	write char packet high address
	WLNT		16	write char packet length
	WOPT		16	write char packet options
	WXOPT		16	write char packet extended options
	ATTN		1	attention message pending
	BOOT		1	boot request pending
	OWNC		1	if set, tape owns command buffer
	OWNM		1	if set, tape owns message buffer
	TIME		24	delay
	POS		32	position

Error handling is as follows:

	error			processed as

	not attached		tape not ready

	end of file		(read or space) end of physical tape
				(write) ignored

	OS I/O error		fatal tape error

2.6 Symbolic Display and Input

The VAX simulator implements symbolic display and input.  Display is
controlled by command line switches:

	-a			display as ASCII character
	-c			display as ASCII string
	-m			display instruction mnemonics

Input parsing is controlled by the first character typed in or by command
line switches:

	' or -a			ASCII character
	" or -c			ASCII string
	alphabetic		instruction mnemonic
	numeric			octal number

Instruction input uses standard VAX assembler syntax.

The syntax for specifiers is as follows:

syntax		specifier	displacement	comments

#s^n, #n	0n		-		short literal, integer only
[Rn]		4n		-		indexed, second specifier
						follows
Rn		5n		-		PC illegal
(Rn)		6n		-		PC illegal
-(Rn)		7n              -		PC illegal
(Rn)+		8n		-
#i^n, #n	8F		n		immediate
@(Rn)+		9n		-
@#addr		9F		addr		absolute
{+/-}b^d(Rn)	An		{+/-}d		byte displacement
b^d		AF		d - PC		byte PC relative
@{+/-}b^d(Rn)	Bn		{+/-}d		byte displacement deferred
@b^d		BF		d - PC		byte PC relative deferred
{+/-}w^d(Rn)	Cn		{+/-}d		word displacement
w^d		CF		d - PC		word PC relative
@{+/-}w^d(Rn)	Dn		{+/-}d		word displacement deferred
@w^d		DF		d - PC		word PC relative deferred
{+/-}l^d(Rn)	En		{+/-}d		long displacement
l^d		EF		d - PC		long PC relative
@{+/-}l^d(Rn)	Fn		{+/-}d		long displacement deferred
@l^d		FF		d - PC		long PC relative deferred

If no override is given for a literal (s^ or i^) or for a displacement or PC
relative addres (b^, w^, or l^), the simulator chooses the mode automatically.